Shmulik Friedman Ph.D.

Research Interests:

• Transport and retention properties of soils and other porous media (electrical conductivity, hydraulic conductivity, diffusion coefficients, water retention characteristics)
• Convective and diffusive transport processes of water, solutes, gas molecules and colloidal particles in soils
• Dielectric properties of soils and other granular materials in relation to TDR, GPR and remote sensing soil moisture measurements
• In-situ determination of soil solution salinity
• In-situ determination of water fluxes in the vadose zones
• Soil-bacteria interactions
• Irrigation management with treated effluent (recycled) water
• Controlled-release processes of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers)
• Interactions between charged soil particles and counter ions
• Wien effect (increased electrical conductivity at strong electrical fields) in colloidal suspensions
• Granular flow and repose angle measurements for characterizing particle shape

List of publications:

Articles:

1. Mualem, Y. and Friedman, S. P. (1991).Theoretical prediction of electrical conductivity in saturated and unsaturated soil. Water Resour. Res. 27:2771-2777.
2. Friedman, S. P. and Mualem, Y. (1994).Diffusion of fertilizers from controlled release sources uniformly distributed in soil. Fertilizers Res. 39:19-30.
3. Friedman, S. P. and Seaton, N. A. (1995).A corrected tortuosity factor for network calculation of diffusion coefficients in porous materials. Chem. Eng. Sci. 50:897-900.
4. Friedman, S. P., Zhang, L. and Seaton, N. A. (1995).Gas and solute diffusion coefficients in pore networks and its description by a simple capillary model. Transport in Porous Media 19:281-301.
5. Friedman, S. P. and Seaton, N. A. (1996).On the transport properties of anisotropic networks of capillaries. Water Resour. Res. 32:339-347.
6. Seaton, N. A., Friedman, S. P., MacElroy, J. M. D. and Murphy, B. J. (1997). The molecular sieving mechanism in carbon molecular sieves. Langmuir 13:1199-1204.
7. Friedman, S. P. (1997). Statistical mixing model for the apparent dielectric constant of unsaturated porous media. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:742-745.
8. Friedman, S. P. (1997). Agrochemical controlled-release and transport in the soil profile: I. Model formulation and sensitivity analysis for bare soil under field conditions. European J. Soil Sci. 48:523-533.
9. Friedman, S. P. (1998). Simulation of a potential error in determining soil salinity from measured apparent electrical conductivity, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 62:593-599.
10. Friedman, S. P. (1998).A saturation degree-dependent composite spheres model for describing the effective dielectric constant of unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res., 34:2949-2961.
11. Friedman, S. P. and Seaton, N. A. (1998).Percolation thresholds and conductivities of uniaxial anisotropic simple-cubic lattice, Transport in Porous Media, 30:241-250.
12. Friedman, S. P. and Seaton, N. A. (1998).Critical path analysis of the relationship between permeability and electrical conductivity of 3-dimensional pore networks, Water Resour. Res., 34:1703-1710.
13. Friedman, S. P. and Mualem, Y. (1999) Mobility of herbicides microcaspsules in saturated granular medium. Transport in Porous Media, 36:121-130.
14. MacElroy, J. M. D, Friedman, S. P. and Seaton, N. A. (1999) On the origin of transport resistances within carbon molecular sieves. Chem. Eng. Sci., 54:1015-1027.
15. Friedman, S. P. (1999) Dynamic contact angle explanation of flow rate-dependent saturation-pressure relationships during transient liquid flow in unsaturated porous media. J. Adhesion Sci. and Technol., 13:1495-1518.
16. Jones, S. B. and Friedman, S. P. (2000) Particle shape effects on the effective permittivity of anisotropic or isotropic media consisting of aligned or randomly oriented ellipsoidal particles. Water Resour. Res., 36:2821-2833.
17. Robinson, D.A. and Friedman, S. P. (2000) Parallel plates compared with conventional rods as TDR waveguides for sensing soil moisture. Subsurface Sensing Technology and Applications, 1:497-511.
18. Robinson, D.A. and Friedman, S. P. (2001) Effect of particle size distribution on the effective dielectric permittivity of saturated granular media. Water Resour. Res., 37:33-40.
19. Friedman, S. P., and Jones, S. B. (2001) Measurement and approximate critical path analysis of the pore scale-induced anisotropy factor of an unsaturated porous medium. Water Resour. Res., 37:2929-2942.
20. Friedman, S. P., and Robinson, D. A. (2002) Particle shape characterization using angle of repose measurements for predicting the effective permittivity and electrical conductivity of saturated granular media. Water Resour. Res., 38(11), 1236, oi:10.1029/2001WR000746.
21. Robinson, D.A. and Friedman, S. P. (2002) The effective permittivity of dense packings of glass beads, quartz sand and their mixtures immersed in different dielectric backgrounds. J. Non Crystalline Solids, 305:261-267.
22. Li, C. B., Friedman, S. P., and Zhao, A. (2002) Wien effect in suspensions of electrodyalized soil particles and its influencing factors. Pedosphere, 12:235-242.
23. Robinson, D. A. and Friedman, S. P. (2002) Observations of the effects of particle shape and particle size distribution on avalanching of granular media. Physica A., 311:97-110.
24. Li, C. B., Friedman, S. P., and Zhao, A. (2003) Interactions of cations with electrodialyzed clay fraction of soils as inferred from Wien effect in soil suspensions. Pedosphere, 13:59-66.
25. Li, C. B. and Friedman, S. P. (2003) An apparatus for measuring the Wien effect in suspensions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 222:133-140.
26. Robinson D.A., Schaap, M., Jones, S. B., Friedman, S. P. and Gardner, C. M. K. (2003) Considerations for improving the accuracy of permittivity measurement using TDR: Air\water calibration, effects of cable length. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67:62-70.
27. Robinson, D.A. and Friedman, S. P. (2003) A method for measuring the solid particle permittivity or electrical conductivity of rocks, sediments, and granular materials. J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2075, doi:10.1029/2001JB000691.
28. Li, C. B., Friedman, S. P., and Zhao, A. (2003) Capacities of clay fraction of a Latosol to retain cations and anions as inferred from the Wien effect in soil suspensions. Pedosphere, 13:165-172.
29. Schaap, M., Robinson D.A., Friedman, S. P., and Lazar, A. (2003) Measurement and modeling of the TDR signal propagation through layered dielectric media. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67:1113-1121.
30. Cheng, A., Krasnov, Y., and Friedman, S. P. (2003) A single source – cylindrical soil domain model for studying simultaneous controlled-release and mixing processes. Vadose Zone J., 2:739-750.
31. Robinson D.A., Jones, S. B., Blonquist Jr J.M., and Friedman S. P. (2005) A physically derived water content/permittivity calibration model for coarse-textured, layered soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69:1372-1378.
32. Robinson D.A., and Friedman S. P. (2005) Electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity of sphere packing: measurements and modelling of cubic lattices, randomly packed monosize spheres and multi-size mixtures. Physica A.Statistical Mechanics and its Application., 358:447-465.
33. Li, C. B., Zhao, A. and Friedman, S. P. (2005) A new method to evaluate adsorption energies between cations and soil particles via Wien effect measurements in dilute suspensions. Environ Science and Technology, 39:6757-6764. doi:10.1021/es050070b
    

Book Chapters:

1. MacElroy, J. M. D., Seaton, N. A. and Friedman, S. P., (1997).Sorption rate processes in carbon molecular sieves.In: Equilibria and Dynamics of Gas Adsorption on Heterogeneous Solid Surfaces (Rudzinski et al., eds.),pp. 837-880. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Vol. 104, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
2. Friedman, S. P. and Seaton, N. A., (1997).Transport Properties of diluted simple-cubic networks of capillaries.In: Fractals and Chaos in Chemical Engineering (Giona, M. and G. Biardi, eds.), pp. 39-55. World Scientific, Singapore.
3. Friedman, S. P. (1999) Transport of bacteria through saturated and unsaturated soils, Israel Agresearch (Ben-Hur, M., guest editor), 10:99-146 (in Hebrew).
4. Friedman, S. P. (2000) Dynamic contact angle explanation of flow rate-dependent saturation-pressure relationships during transient liquid flow in unsaturated porous media, In: Apparent and Microscopic Contact Angles (Drelich, J., Laskowski, J. S. and K. L. Mittal, eds.), pp. 497- 520, VSP, Zeist, The Netherlands.
5. Robinson D. A., Jones S. B., Wraith J. M., Or D., and Friedman S. P. (2003) A review of advances in dielectric and electrical conductivity measurement in soils using time domain reflectometry. Vadose Zone J. (van Genuchten, M.Th., ed.), 2:444-475.
6. Friedman S. P. (2005) Soil properties influencing apparent electrical conductivity: a review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture (Corwin, D., guest editor), 46:45-70.
7. Lesmes, D. P., and Friedman, S. P. (2005) Relationships between the electrical and hydrogeological properties of rocks and soils. Ch. 4 in : Hydrogeophysics (Rubin, Y., Hubbard S. S., eds.), pp. 87-128, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
8. Or, D., B. F. Smets, J.M. Wraith, A. Dechesne, and Friedman, S. P. (2006) Physical constraints affecting bacterial habitats and activity in unsaturated porous media – A review. Advances in Water Resources -in press.

Current Projects

• Physical processes affecting microbial habitats and activity in unsaturated agricultural soils
• Adjusting the wetting area by drippers and the irrigation and leaching scheduling for improved use of treated effluents in citrus orchards
• Development of a new method for characterizing the interactions between charged soil particles and counter and co-ions via Wien effect measurements in dilute suspensions
• An assessment of groundwater recharge in a karstic region: The western mountain aquifer - Shomron